Neuroscience is the study of what the brain is and how it works in order to understand how learning happens. A benefit of focusing on how people learn is that it helps bring order to a seeming cacophony of choices. There is no universal best teaching practice. Focusing on how people learn will also help teachers move beyond either-or dichotomies that have plagued the field of education. Students’ abilities to acquire organized sets of facts and skills are actually enhanced when they are connected to meaningful problem-solving activi­ties, and when students are helped to understand why, when, and how those facts and skills are relevant. One fundamental problem that limits the evidentiary utility of neuroscience-based claims is reverse inference and group-to-individual inference, which leads to reasoning errors and brain overclaim syndrome.