@Shahnaz Rasulzade, The nature vs. nurture debate is a complex issue with no easy answers. However, it is important to consider both nature and nurture when thinking about the development of analytical skills. By understanding the relative contributions of genetics and environment, we can develop more effective data analytics education and training programs.

• Yuszaizie Mohd Pauzee

@Shahnaz Rasulzade, The nature vs. nurture debate is a complex issue with no easy answers. However, it is important to consider both nature and nurture when thinking about the development of analytical skills. By understanding the relative contributions of genetics and environment, we can develop more effective data analytics education and training programs.

• Yuszaizie Mohd Pauzee

Al posicionar al libre albedrío como lo menciona Skinner es dejar de lado en el que no solo es la sobrecarga de impedimentos sino cuando se visualiza una posible y buena voluntad de otros, por lo que puede que el comportamiento prevalezca o desaparezca con el tiempo. Con esto se entiende que la conducta la relaciona con la búsqueda del orden en la correlación que se pretende encontrar ya que menciona que la comunicación verbal no es lo que nos hace humanos sino la conducta operante que se resalta en un acto. Llegando a la conclusión de que se cree en una posible ciencia objetiva y práctica que sea mediada está por el hombre.

• Katherine Sánchez

Let's break down these questions one by one:

Skinner's Comments about Free Will:
Skinner, a prominent behaviorist, argued that free will is an illusion. According to his theory of operant conditioning, behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment, suggesting that human actions are determined by external factors rather than internal choices. Skinner believed that behavior can be controlled and predicted through environmental stimuli. While this perspective challenges traditional notions of free will, it emphasizes the importance of environmental influences in shaping behavior.

Role of the Teacher in Behaviorism:
In behaviorism, the role of the teacher is crucial as they are seen as the architects of the learning environment. Teachers design and implement reinforcement schedules to shape desired behaviors in students. They use techniques such as positive reinforcement (rewarding desired behaviors) and negative reinforcement (removing aversive stimuli) to encourage learning and modify behavior. The teacher's role is to provide clear goals, feedback, and reinforcement to guide students towards desired outcomes.

Nature or Nurture:
Behaviorism leans heavily towards the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate. It posits that behavior is primarily shaped by environmental factors such as reinforcement, punishment, and social learning. According to behaviorism, genetic predispositions (nature) may influence behavior indirectly through their interaction with the environment. Therefore, behaviorists focus on observable behaviors and how they are learned and modified through environmental experiences.

Dangers and Uses of Intelligence Tests:
Intelligence tests can be valuable tools for assessing cognitive abilities and predicting academic success. They provide standardized measures that help identify strengths and weaknesses in cognitive functioning, inform educational interventions, and guide placement in educational programs. However, intelligence tests can also be misused if they are applied inappropriately or interpreted without considering cultural, linguistic, or socioeconomic factors. They should be used cautiously to avoid reinforcing stereotypes or unfairly labeling individuals based on test scores.

These perspectives provide a framework for understanding behaviorism and its implications for education and psychological assessment. Each point invites further discussion and exploration into how these concepts apply in practical educational settings and broader societal contexts.

• Shahnaz Rasulzade

B. F. Skinner is well known for his contributions to behaviorism. He argued that free will does not exist and that the environment shapes humans. Our actions are based on past reinforcements and punishments instead of independent decision-making. I think conditioning does influence people, but our actions aren't solely based on conditioning.

In behaviorists' scheme, teachers play an important role in shaping students' behaviors. For example, if students receive a reward, they will assume what they are doing is correct. Then, they will do the same thing next time. Rewards and punishments are often used to encourage desired behaviors or discourage undesired ones. Token economies are often used by teachers in which students earn tokens for positive behavior, which can be exchanged for rewards.

Skinner's theory falls on the nurture side of the nature v.s. nurture debate. He believes that the environment shapes a person entirely. On the other hand, innate qualities don't have a big impact on shaping a person.

One of the dangers of using the intelligence test is that it creates labeling. If a person gets a lower score, others might laugh at that person, which negatively impacts his/her self-esteem. Another danger is that the intelligence test ignores other aspects of abilities, such as creativity and practical skills.

A key concept of behaviorism is operant conditioning, developed by B. F. Skinner. It uses reinforcement and punishment, which includes positive and negative. Reinforcement encourages a behavior, while punishment discourages a behavior. For example, if a teacher wants students to hand in assignments on time, the teacher can do the following: 1) positive reinforcement, in which students get rewards when they turn in on time. 2) negative reinforcement, in which the teacher initially yells at those who don't turn in on time. When they turn in on time, the teacher will stop yelling at them. 3) positive punishment, in which the teacher might send them to detention. 4) negative punishment, in which the teacher might take away the privilage of choosing their seat for the class.

• Li Yen Chang

Responding to B.F. Skinner's comments about free will, it is important to
understand his perspective as a foundational exponent of educational
psychology and behaviorism. Skinner argued that free will is an illusion and
that human behavior is determined by environmental factors and
reinforcement histories. According to Skinner, all actions are the result of
previous conditioning, and behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to be
repeated, while those that are not reinforced will diminish over time
From this viewpoint, the role of the teacher in the behaviorist scheme is
primarily to shape student behavior through the use of reinforcement.
eachers would provide positive reinforcement (rewards) for desirable
behaviors and negative reinforcement (removal of unpleasant stimuli) to
encourage students to engage in the desired behaviors. Punishment might
also be used to decrease undesirable behaviors, though Skinner emphasized
positive reinforcement as a more effective strategy
Nature or Nurture?
Skinner's behaviorism falls squarely on the side of nurture. He believed tha
behavior is a result of interaction with the environment and that genetic or
innate factors play a minimal role. This perspective contrasts with theories
that emphasize innate biological factors in shaping behavior.
The Dangers and Uses of Intelligence Tests
Intelligence tests can be useful for identifying areas where a student might
need additional support or for placing students in programs that match their
abilities. However, there are significant dangers, including cultural bias, the
potential for misinterpretation of results, and the risk of labeling students in
ways that can limit their educational opportunities. Intelligence tests should
be used cautiously and interpreted within a broader context that considers
multiple aspects of a student's abilities and background.
Update:
One key concept of behaviorism is positive reinforcement. Positive
reinforcement involves presenting a motivating item to the person after the
desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in
the future
Example of Positive Reinforcement in Practice
n a classroom setting, a teacher might use a sticker chart to encourage
students to complete their homework. Each time a student completes their
homework, they receive a sticker. After collecting a certain number of stickers,
the student might earn a reward, such as extra playtime or a small prize. This
method reinforces the behavior of completing homework by providing a
positive outcome.
Intelligence Test Analysis
An example of an intelligence test is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS). The WAIS measures various aspects of intelligence, including verbal
comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing
speed. It is used for a variety of purposes, such as diagnosing intellectual
disabilities, assessing cognitive strengths and weaknesses, and supporting
clinical and educational planning.
Uses and Limits
Uses: The WAIS can help identify cognitive impairments, inform treatment
plans, and provide insight into an individual's cognitive functioning. It is often
used in educational settings to tailor learning experiences to individual needs.
Limits: The test can be culturally biased, reflecting the dominant culture's
language and values, which might disadvantage test-takers from different
backgrounds. It also primarily measures certain types of intelligence,
potentially overlooking other important cognitive and creative abilities.
Additionally, over-reliance on 1Q scores can lead to labeling and limit
opportunities for those who may excel in non-tested areas.
In conclusion, while behaviorism and intelligence testing offer valuable tools
for understanding and shaping human behavior and cognitive abilities, they
must be applied with an awareness of their limitations and ethical
considerations.

• Sreelaxmi Kallan Sarosh Kallan Sarosh

Педагогикалық психологияның тарихында назар аударуға тиісті 3 бағыт бар:

1)бихевиоризм және шартты жауап

2)мидың дамуы

3)әлеуметтік когнитивизм.

Бихевиоризм және шартты жауап жайлы қызығушылық танытқан 20-ғасырдаға 3 психологты атап өтсек болады. Олар: ресейлік Нобель сыйлығының лауреаты Иван Павлов, американдық Джон Уотсон және американдық Б.Ф. Скиннер.

Бұлардың әрқайсысыөзінше пікір білдірді. Мысалы, Иван Павлов мінез -құлықты ынталандыру немесе ынталандырудың жолдарын анықтау жайлы айтты. Ал, Джон Уотсонмінез -құлықты қалай болжауға және бақылауға болатыны туралы зерттей бастады. Сондай-ақ, Б.Ф. Скиннер ол адамдардың мінез -құлқы алдыңғы іс әрекеттердің салдарынан болуы мүмкін деп болжады. Б.Ф.Скиннер көгершіндермен, егеуқұйрықтармен зерттеу жұмыстарын жасап, скиннер қорабын ойлап тапты. Осы қорап арқылы оларға жағымсыз тамақ беріп, оларды дұрыс мінез құлыққа үйретуге болатынын көрсете бастады. Және Скиннер өз дәлелі үшін өзінің баласын қолданды.

Бұдан шыға келе, адамға тірбиесіне ықпал ететіндей дұрыс бағдар берілсе болғаны. Алайда, 20-ғасырда жасалған бұл зерттеу адамгершілікке жатпайды деген негізбен қазіргі кезе қолданыстан алынып тасталды.

Деседе, жалпы Бихевиоризм ұғымын американдық Джон Б. Уотсон енгізді.


Ал қазір интеллект, интеллектті тестілеу сияқты ұғымдар қолданысқа еніа, кең тарауда. Бұның негізін қалаушы Альфред Бинет. Ол бихевиоризм ұғымына қарсы. Ол туа біткен қабілеттер жайлы айтты. сондай-ақ, IQ идеясын ойлап тапқан американдық Годдард. Бұл тестілеудің адам мүмкіндігін кеңейтуімен қатар шектеулерде қоятынын көрсетті.

• Ainur Aibassova

1) Бихевиоризм жалпы мінез-құлық туралы және адамның іс-әрекетін болжаудың шарттары болып табылады. Әр елдің ғалымдары бұл тақырыпты өзінше зерттеп, тәжірибиелер жасаған. Жалпы Бихевиоризм ұғымын американдық Джон Б. Уотсон енгізді. 20-ғасырлардағы ойлау мектебі болды.

2) Егер И.Павловтың иттерге жасаған зерттеуін адамдарға жасайтын болса, онда Бихевиористік схемада мұғалімнің рөлі маңызды деп білуге болады. Психасы мен мінез-құлқы енді қалыптасып келе жатқан жас балаға білім беруде аса маңызды кілт болады.

3) Интеллект тесттерін білім беру саласында қолдану тиімді болар еді. Мамандардың көп уақытын біліктілігін оданда қарай жалғастыруға септігін тигізер еді.

• Ainur Aibassova

What are the dangers and uses of intelligence tests?
I believe that the dangers of intelligence tests could result in limiting the test taker. These tests are created, updated, and employed to learn things about the test taker. Over time technology, information, and experiences change. Therefore, these tests must be updated and may not align with general knowledge of the society being tested. Results may vary and using variable results as actionable facts can lead to misinformation, misunderstanding, or confusion.

A form of behaviorism study is stimulation. In this case, a subject may be provided a reward for completing a desirable function. Providing a piece of candy to a student who completes an appropriate action can be viewed as behavioral stimulation or reinforcing.

• Angelo Landi

According to Skinner, individuals are shaped by their past experiences and the consequences of their actions, rather than having autonomous control over their behavior. He believed that by understanding and manipulating these environmental factors, one could predict and influence behavior.

In Skinner's behaviorist scheme, the role of the teacher is crucial. Teachers are seen as architects of the learning environment, responsible for structuring experiences and providing reinforcement to shape desired behaviors in students. They employ strategies such as positive reinforcement, shaping, and schedules of reinforcement to guide learning and promote desired behaviors. Essentially, teachers act as agents of change, utilizing principles of behaviorism to facilitate learning and modify behavior in students.

• Yuszaizie Mohd Pauzee