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Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow it. It involves voluntary responses that are controlled by their outcomes.
Example:
Imagine a scenario where a dog is being trained to sit on command using operant conditioning.
Positive Reinforcement:
The trainer gives the command sit and pushes down gently on the dog's back end to help it into a sitting position.
As soon as the dog sits, the trainer immediately rewards it with a treat and praise.
Over time, the dog learns that sitting when commanded leads to a reward, increasing the likelihood of it sitting in response to the command in the future.
Negative Reinforcement:
The trainer gives the command sit, and as soon as the dog sits on its own, the trainer stops an annoying noise or pressure that was applied until the dog sat.
The removal of the unpleasant stimulus (annoying noise or pressure) reinforces the dog's behavior of sitting when commanded.
What do you make of Skinner's comment about free will?
- I am not surprised by a behaviorist's take on free will being illusion or fiction as he puts it. It makes sense given his studies/experiments on operant conditioning and external motivators especially since his experiments have more or less proven his theory/take on free will to be true. He states, on gambling, We don't say that the human subject gambles to punish himself, as the audience might say, or gambles because he feels excited to do so. Nothing of the sort. People gamble because of the schedule of reinforcement that follows. In part, he is not wrong that stimuli/reward affects human behavior, but this limits humans and takes away various nuances and other motivating factors.
What is the role of the teacher in the behaviorist scheme?
-In behaviorism, teachers can apply positive or negative reinforcement to yield intended outcomes for students. Positive reinforcement can entail rewards or incentives to strengthen desired behaviors. For example, a teacher can praise students for completing their homework, give them a sticker for raising their hands, or reward them with extra recess time for being cooperative. Negative reinforcement can actually be positive in the sense that teachers can remove negative stimuli such as removing additional homework for a student who performs well on a test, for example. Punishment would involve negative consequences to discourage unwanted behaviors. Teachers can take away privileges, such as recess, for talking out of turn.
Nature or nurture?
-The behaviorists fall squarely on the nurture side as the emphasis is on the environment in which the child was raised. The idea is just like animals, in their experiments, can be conditioned toward a desired behavior, so can humans. As we know now, it is not an either/or factor, but an and as both play an important factor in one's personality and traits. Genetics, as well as our environment, shape who we are and how we respond to the world at large.
What are the dangers and uses of intelligence tests?
-Well, there is a historical link with IQ tests and racial bias that cannot be ignored. One only needs to look at the Eugenics Society surveys and this idea of feeblemindedness which was feared to be hereditary (see: https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1270&context=law-review). On a positive note, IQ tests do well to measure working memory. However, we have come a long way to measure intelligence and what IQ tests cannot measure are a myriad number of things such as: interpersonal skills, self-discipline, teamwork, problem-solving, creative thinking, etc. IQ tests really only focus on rote learning and rote memorization.
• What do you make of skinners comment about free will?
B.F Skinner, an influential psychologist and is well known for his work in behaviorism. He had contentious beliefs about free will. His viewpoint posed a challenge to the traditional understanding of free will by asserting that it is less definitive than commonly believed. He argued that human behavior is significantly impacted by external elements like the environment and reinforcement mechanisms.According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, behavior is influenced by the consequences it faces, indicating that individuals may have restricted autonomy in their decision-making within the traditional free will framework. This perspective triggered considerable debate and opposition, particularly from advocates of theories highlighting human volition and self-governance.
•Role of teachers in behaviorist scheme
In behaviorism, teachers are central in molding student behavior by focusing on observable actions and the environmental factors that impact them. They achieve this by establishing precise behavioral expectations in the classroom, encompassing rules, routines, and consequences for both favorable and unfavorable behaviors. Additionally, teachers utilize positive reinforcement like praise, rewards, or privileges to motivate students towards desired behaviors. This active role in shaping, reinforcing, and managing behavior creates a conducive learning environment and fosters positive outcomes for students.
•Nature or Nurture
In education, the nature versus nurture debate revolves around whether our inherent traits or our surroundings and experiences have a greater impact on learning and development. Nature highlights genetic factors, while nurture emphasizes environmental influences like upbringing and education. However, it's widely accepted that both nature and nurture are crucial, and effective education involves understanding and balancing their combined effects to help students thrive.
•What are the dangers and uses of intelligence tests?
Intelligence tests are valuable tools for tasks such as shaping educational strategies, identifying gifted individuals, diagnosing difficulties, and supporting research endeavors. However, their use can lead to categorization, biases rooted in culture, stress, and incomplete assessment of intelligence dimensions. To ensure accurate interpretation, it is crucial to employ these tests ethically, taking into account a range of factors that contribute to intelligence test results.
I agree with your point that teachers are central in molding student behavior. There are many ways in which teachers can apply behavioralism principles in the classroom to control the environment and enhance student learning and behavior.
¿Qué opina de los comentarios de Skinner sobre el libre albedrío?
De acuerdo a la experiencia de los alumnos el razonamiento serpa generado y sí deben tener libre albedrío, sin embargo skinner presentaba también que no siempre era auténtico pues podía ser manipulado.
¿Cuál es el papel del profesor en el esquema conductista? El rol del docente es reforzar positiva y negativamente de acuerdo al resultado que debe obtenerse, como una herramienta de conducta para lograr los objetivos de aprendizaje.
¿Naturaleza o crianza?
Si bien es sabido el actuar de las personas va relacionado por ambos aspectos, justamente es esta teoría de skinner la que establece que podemos modificar la conducta.
¿Cuáles son los peligros y los usos de los tests de inteligencia?
En mi opinion los test de inteligencia pueden dar un referente de cómo razonar, sin embargo los resultados son limitados de acuerdo a las condiciones personales,
Commentary on Skinner's Notion of Free Will:
Opinion: I am thoroughly amazed by Skinner's theory about Free Will. In the subconscious mind, humans continually learn from their experiences, similar to how ancestors did many years ago to stay away from danger. However, in the conscious mind, there is also room for people to think differently; it can be influenced by religion, norms, or societal goals. But, I think people can easily slip into unconsciousness.
The Role of the Teacher in the Scheme of Behaviorism:
Opinions: To model new behavior, teachers play a significant role in these situations. According to B.F. Skinner's theory, teachers can reward desirable behavior and punish undesirable behavior. Teachers can also set up the classroom to create positive vibes, even if a student gives a wrong answer; it can still positively influence the students.
Nature or Nurture:
Opinions: Nature and nurture have similarly significant impacts on learning. If students have the best genetics ever but lack nurturing for their abilities, it can be useless. On the contrary, people without the best genes in the field can still excel, but they have to exert more effort than others.
Dangers and Uses of Intelligence Tests:
Opinion: Intelligence tests can be dangerous if it's known that it's challenging for people with low intelligence to compete with those with the best intelligence. HOWEVER, intelligence tests are tools for us to know ourselves better.
This
Skinner's comment about Free will posited that the concept of free-will is an illusion. Skinner was a radical Behaviourist who believes that all human actions was a direct result of previous actions. This assertion is to a reasonable extent, supported by me in the sense that some people will not do certain things unless there is a reward or sanction. Some students do their homework just because it forms part of their requirements and the and the consequences of non-compliance.
Skinner's comment about Free will posited that the concept of free-will is an illusion. Skinner was a radical Behaviourist who believes that all human actions was a direct result of previous actions. This assertion is to a reasonable extent, supported by me in the sense that some people will not do certain things unless there is a reward or sanction. Some students do their homework just because it forms part of their requirements and the and the consequences of non-compliance.
Commentary on Skinner's Notion of Free Will:
Opinion: B.F. Skinner, as one of the main figures of behaviorism, had controversial views on free will. Skinner argued that free will is an illusion and that human behavior is entirely explainable and predictable by external environmental conditions. While this view provides a powerful framework for experimentation and behavior analysis, many view it as an overly mechanistic understanding of humans, ignoring aspects of complexity and individual freedom in decision-making.
The Role of the Teacher in the Scheme of Behaviorism:
Opinions: In the behaviorism scheme, the role of the teacher is more likely to be an environmental controller who designs stimulus and response to shape the desired behavior. The teacher is responsible for providing the stimulus that triggers the desired response, providing consistent feedback, and reinforcing the desired behavior. While this approach can be effective in shaping behavior, many criticize it for overriding the teacher's role as a learning facilitator who encourages conceptual understanding and critical thinking.
Nature or Nurture:
Opinions: The debate on whether environmental influences (nurture) or innate factors (nature) have more influence on individual development has been going on for a long time. Most experts agree that the two interact and influence each other. The nurturing process can shape and direct an individual's innate potential. Good education and nurturing can play a crucial role in shaping an individual's personality and skill development.
Dangers and Uses of Intelligence Tests:
Opinion: Intelligence tests have the utility of providing an overview of a person's cognitive abilities and can be used for research purposes, educational selection, or diagnosis of learning problems. However, intelligence tests also have potential dangers if interpreted absolutely or used as the sole measure of intelligence. Other dangers include the possibility of cultural or social biases in the preparation and application of tests, which may result in unfair evaluations. Therefore, the use of intelligence tests needs to be done with caution, taking into account the context and its limitations.
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As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, there is no specific work titled Foundations of Educational Psychology attributed to Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope. It's possible that there may have been new publications or developments since then. If this is a recent work, I recommend checking the latest sources, such as academic databases, the authors' official publications, or the publisher's website for accurate and up-to-date information.
If you have specific information or excerpts from Foundations of Educational Psychology by Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope, please provide them, and I'd be happy to help with comments or insights based on the available information.