Abstract

The 25th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP25) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), organized by Chile and Spain, addressed several matters concerning the full operationalization of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. Some of the issues at the top of the agenda of the COP included finance for loss and damage under the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) and ironing out the related rules, an outstanding issue of the Paris Agreement Rulebook from the previous year. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts (Loss and Damage Mechanism) addresses loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change, including extreme events. The rise in global temperature as a result of climate change increases the frequency, severity, and unpredictability of events such as heat waves, floods, droughts, and tropical cyclones, and is causing an increase in the sea level and a retreat of the ice sheet. Thus, the critical issue of extreme climatic events based on Climate Scientific Evidence (CSE) was reviewed at COP25 as an important part of all climate, development, and disaster-risk reduction programs.