Parallel Sessions - Posters and Online Posters Room 6
Online - Women's Pages and Sports Journalism History: Discrimination and Innovation in the Pre-Title IX Years
Virtual Poster Kimberly Voss
For decades, women journalists were restricted to the women's pages of newspapers. They were not allowed into the sports pages - but it did not prevent them from covering sports. In their women's sections, they covered athletic events that were otherwise ignored. In doing so, they exposed sports to an audience that may not have been reading the sports section. In addition, the women's page editors who tried to cover men's sports often experienced discrimination. They shined a light on their marginalization and documented what many women in sports experienced. In part, it was a combination of these experiences that led to Title IX. This paper will focus on the sports content in the women's pages and the sports coverage by the women's page editors in the 1940s through the 1960s.
Online - Queer Athlete: A Qualitative Analysis
Virtual Poster Michael Baker
The purpose of this study is to address the experiences with athletic performances, social support, and disclosure of sexual orientation of people who identify on the queer spectrum. Researchers have attempted to discover perceptions of individual support on the sports teams that college athletes belong and provided an outlet for queer athletes to discuss their feelings about coming out as queer. The potential effect on sport performance after disclosing sexual orientation is assessed. Much of the current research about sport performance does little to address those that are queer. The purpose of this study is to add to the limited understanding that researchers have about the nature of social support, its potential link to athletic performance, and the likelihood of disclosing orientation to meaningful others. The traditional norm of masculinity in sports, may hinder individuals who are highly involved in athletics and yet do not identify in alignment with the stereotype. The primary methodologies for this study is observational and descriptive. Data collection asked participants to answer questions about their perception of support, if the participant has disclosed their sexual orientation, and their athletic performance. This method is best to address the research question in that the researchers are most interested in the subjective perspective and experiences of athletes that might identify as queer.
1 - Understanding of the Other through Interactive Sport Experiences with Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Poster/Exhibit Session Tracy Trachsler
After consultation with experts in the fields of special education and human services, person-first language was used for this project over identity-first language. Through intentional pedagogical design, a group of sport management students had an opportunity to participate with a group of adults with intellectual disabilities in a structured setting in the fall of 2018. A case study analysis was conducted to examine the impact of the experience on the sport management students. The project was embedded within an upper-level, undergraduate sport sociology course. It was structured to include direct instruction on sociological barriers to participation and historical marginalization of populations with disabilities from sport. Class activities to reinforce important concept were grounded in the theory of Zone of Proximal Development, and the Zone of Proximal Development was applied by the sport management students in their creation of the interactive sport experiences. At the end of the activities, the students were asked to critically reflect upon their experience specifically related to their understanding of the people with intellectual disabilities in sport. The data was be collected, triangulated, and analyzed with respect to the concept of the "other." The results of the case study provide insights for sport management faculty in exposing future sport professionals to diverse populations.
11 - The Antecedents and Consequences of Well-being among Ethnic Sport Participants
Poster/Exhibit Session Kyu-soo Chung
Along with increasing their attention to the importance of health and life quality (WHO, 2012), sport scholars are paying attention to the issue of sport participation and well-being (Donaldson & Ronan, 2006; Filo & Coghlan, 2016; Ruseski et al., 2014). For example, Filo and Coghlan (2016) explored the specific dimensions of well-being among the participants of charity sporting events and found that all the dimensions of well-being were, to varying degree, valid. Ethnic sport participants seem to experience a variety of components when attending a sporting event (Chung & Lim, 2016). They tend to perceive their status of well-being not only from an event factor but from an amalgam of combined factors. Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to test a conceptual framework that consists of the antecedents and consequences of well-being as ethnic members participate in sport. At the 2015 Korean American Sports Festival, 283 Korean Americans responded to questions, through self-administered questionnaires, regarding their well-being, the perceived social, psychological, and health benefits of, event satisfaction with, and commitment to an ethnic sport organization. The data collected was analyzed, via a structural equation modeling, regarding the validities and reliabilities of the constructs as well as the significance and magnitude of each designed path among the constructs. The current study will discuss the theoretical aspects of the designed antecedents and consequences of well-being so as to add more dimensions of well-being and sport participation. Practical implications will be also discussed.
7 - American Sports Fans’ Perceptions of Cannabis Use by Professional Athletes: Relationships with Sports Consumption and Team Identification
Poster/Exhibit Session Sean Pradhan, Susan Snycerski, Kristi m Sadler, Sean Laraway
In the last decade, the American public’s opinion of cannabis use has shifted to a more lenient view of the drug for medical and recreational purposes. However, there remains a paucity of data on public perceptions of athletes who use cannabis and the extent to which these perceptions influence individual’s purchasing intentions/behavior with respect to sports products (sports consumption behavior). The present survey study seeks to investigate American sports fans’ perceptions of cannabis use by professional athletes and the relationship, if any, between these perceptions and sports consumption. General attitudes toward cannabis use (medical or recreational), attitudes toward professional athletes’ medical/recreational use, team identification, and sports consumption, among other variables, will be measured.
4 - Fans’ Reactions to Cannabis Use by Professional American Football Players
Poster/Exhibit Session Sean Pradhan, Susan Snycerski, Kristi m Sadler, Sean Laraway
Across many professional sports, athletes’ substance use has generated controversy. Many sports fans clearly disapprove of athletes’ use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), such as anabolic steroids, but less is known regarding fans’ perceptions of athletes’ use of cannabis, which is not typically considered a PED. Although many American states have legalized medical and recreational cannabis, it still remains illegal at the federal level. Given the public’s increased acceptance of medical and recreational use of cannabis in the last decade, it’s possible that sports fans’ perceptions of cannabis use by athletes may show similar changes, particularly with respect to medical use. We propose a novel experiment to examine sports fans’ perceptions of cannabis use by professional athletes. Specifically, we seek to examine the reactions of National Football League (NFL) fans through a case of a fictitious athlete who is described as using cannabis for one of three reasons: to treat a physical injury, to treat a psychological disorder, or to use recreationally. We will measure fans’ preexisting attitudes toward cannabis use, their level of team identification, and perceptions of the fictitious athlete’s use of cannabis. We will examine attitudes toward cannabis use and level of team identification as potential moderating variables between type of use and fans’ reactions to that use. We expect that fans who have more favorable preexisting attitudes toward cannabis use and higher levels of team identification will rate the athlete’s usage as less objectionable.
Online - An Exploration into the Perceptions of Physical Fitness and Exercise Held by Pre-service Teachers
Virtual Poster Jon Aoki
Obesity and the comorbidities related to metabolic syndrome continue to increase despite mainstream recommendations for health and physical fitness. Schools may help mitigate the prevalent and rising levels of body weight and metabolic diseases. The K-12 classrooms represent a medium that can foster health, food, and physical literacies. Thus, the challenge for educators is to initiate and facilitate life-long physical activity in students. To meet this objective, teachers must not solely focus on student acquisition of content knowledge, but also develop the physical skills and positive attitudes needed in students to be physically active. This study surveyed: pre-service teachers’ perception of physical fitness and exercise; pre-service teachers’ participation in physical activities; pre-service teachers’ behaviors related to physical activities, lifestyle, and health; and, pre-service teachers’ perception of their qualifications to teach physical literacy. The implications of this study may be used to modify the curriculum and instruction in education, science, health, and physical education courses that pre-service teachers are required to enroll in as part of their degree plan or teacher certification program. Moreover, the findings from this study may be considered at a larger scale by including specific coursework that advances physical activity knowledge, skills, and affect in teacher education programs.
2 - The Cultural Identity of Dragon Boat Race in Taiwan’s Lukang
Poster/Exhibit Session Wei-Da Chu
Dragon boat Race is a sport that dates back five thousand years ago, and has been held every year. It is no longer confined in Chinese circle, more and more athletes and enthusiasts from all over the world take part in this sport. In Taiwan, there is a saying which appears in primary and secondary’s history textbook, that is First Fucheng, second Lukang, and third Bangka. Located in Changhua, Lukang is one of the areas where the Chinese culture was flourishing in the early stage. The Dragon Boat Race officially began in 1978, after which the competition has been held for over forty years. Recently the tournament has open its arms to international athletes who can also enjoy the traditional culture. The study uses Lukang Dragon Boat Culture as research object in which historical origin and current development are explored
Online - Building Sports Teams and Communities through Creatively Engaging One’s Limits
Virtual Poster Heidi Muller
“I can’t do it all,” captures the essence of the approach to team and community building presented herein. While athletes want to and should develop the full range of their skills and capacities, continually building on what they are able to do, realizing that they are a particular embodied athlete is key not only in developing their skill set but also in building the sport teams and communities with which they are affiliated. Through a PERPLE analysis incorporating reflection on the author’s own lived experience as a competitive as well as recreational coach and athlete and engaging with ideas of creative agency in sport, the me-in-team that is the complicated interplay of formal and informal roles dynamics in team participation, the approach to sport as strategic art, a communication variant of self-other psychology, and limitness which is a conceptualization of embodiment arising out of disability studies, the approach to team and community building as a process of creatively engaging the limits of one’s embodied particularity emerges. When undertaking this approach, individuals, teams, and communities become able to perform with intecontextual consistency, resiliency, and sustainably. When teams and communities are not bounded by the limitations and/or overreaching of individuals but rather are built creatively through individuals embracing their particular limits, performance becomes not primarily about goal attainment but rather about communication-centric enactment of co-constructed possibility. This approach is accessible to all individuals regardless of physical skill and therefore can be implemented at all levels of sporting competition and participation.
8 - Religious Impact on Sport Participation: A Case Study of Malaysia
Poster/Exhibit Session Juen Yeang Too
During the 19th century, many laborers from India and China immigrated to Malaysia colonialized by the British. As a result, Malaysia became a multi-religious society, comprising Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Since Malaya (Malaysia) achieved independence in 1957, Malaysia has produced many famous athletes from various ethnic background. For example, Lee Chong Wei, who is Chinese-Malaysian, was an outstanding world number one badminton player. Currently, Malayans constitute 55 percent of the entire population, followed by Chinese 23 percent and Indian 7 percent. However, religious differences make a deep imprint on sports participation, especially concerning athletes’ outfits. Recently, there have been incidents involving female Muslims, who were scolded by the conservatives because of their clothing. The paper will explore the phenomena and give insights into the situation.
6 - Convention and Visitors Bureau’s Strategic Planning for Sport Tourism Destination
Poster/Exhibit Session Nuttapon Punpugdee
Traditionally, the central government in Thailand has exploited the opportunities that sport tourism offers to its economy. A few decades ago, however, some convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs) in the country have realized the importance of sport events to their local economies and start to secure hosting rights for major sport events. Although a number of CVBs in Thailand have successfully pursued the position of sport tourism destination, there is inadequate investigation on how their strategic planning for such unique position is carried out. This study explores CVB’s strategic planning process for sport tourism destination. A convention and visitors bureau of Buriram, a city near Thailand-Cambodia border, is selected as a case study. The in-depth approach is employed in interviews with the CVB officials. The findings which are important to the sport destination’s positioning strategy are discussed. Relevant theoretical and managerial implications are addressed.
3 - Body Self-image of Brasilian Adolescents: Physical Activity Level and Drug Use in Adolescence
Poster/Exhibit Session Bruno de Oliveira Pinheiro, Denise De Micheli, Andre Luiz Monezi Andrade
This study aims at describing the profile of satisfaction/dissatisfaction of body self-image and the relationship to physical activity, and drug usage of 754 adolescent of São Paulo, Brazil. Questionnaires were given concerning satisfaction with body self-image, pattern of use of psychoactive substances and the physical activity habits of students. When analyzing the satisfaction of adolescents with body self-image, a significantly higher percentage of body satisfaction was observed among boys (68%) compared to girls (40%). Abuse and dependence on substance were indicative when the body image satisfaction rates in the male students were at 18%, while the same indication was evident when the body image dissatisfaction in the female students were at 28%. In the moderate level of physical activity, 53% are partially satisfied boys and 59% are dissatisfied girls. However, the frequency of adolescents who practiced physical activity at high levels and reported being dissatisfied with their bodies was more than double (16.6%) compared to those who practiced low level of physical activity (7.9%). For both genders, the rate of dissatisfaction while practicing at high level of physical activity was higher at 20% compared to the other levels. The efficacy of physical activity as a protective agent becomes reduced when risky behaviors are associated with a negative self-body image. The use of substances was proportional to the level of satisfaction and dissatisfaction in both male and female students. It is suggested, finally, that further investigations are to be carried out considering the complexity that this age group presents.
5 - Women's Empowerment through Soccer
Poster/Exhibit Session Denise De Micheli, Bruno de Oliveira Pinheiro
It is evident that participation in sport can help break gender stereotypes. The objective of this case report was to highlight women's empowerment through soccer practice. The project was developed with students from 11 to 13 years of age from a public school of Guarulhos, Brazil. The project was carried out between August and September of 2018, during the activities of the group of sports trainings, with 25 boys and 15 girls, and during the games of the 48th Municipal School Olympics. In order to reach the objectives, five conversation circles were proposed for the discussions and reflections. The main themes of the conversation circles were: sport and quality of life; fair play; importance of girls' participation; questions about women's empowerment and protagonism; reflection of results. The boys did not believe in the girls' potential to win the games and changed their minds after the victories. The girls were insecure because it was a little-frequented environment. The girl's team had five victories and were consecrated winners of the competition. The competitive environment was also a learning environment. The feelings involved in victory were as important as the feelings of recognition. The participation of the boys was extremely important so that they also reflected on the importance of the girls in the championship. The feedback was always positive, satisfying and acknowledged that girls can also be recognized as protagonists in soccer.
Gender Bias: Expectation and Performance of Female Managers in College Basketball
Poster/Exhibit Session Chien Chang Chiu
Taiwan is experiencing some cultural legacies about the female manager from Japan. This kind of legacy formed a gender bias for coaches, players, and female managers in sporting teams. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to explore the roles expectations and gender performance of female managers play in the college basketball team. The findings tell us that basketball coaches and players expect female managers to accomplish three kinds of work such as caregiver (like a mother to prepare drinking water and clean locker room…), supportive assistance (like a wife to record their score in the game and manage the expenditure of team…) and idol worship (like a lover to cheer on and adore the male athlete…). Gender biases are still reproducing gender hegemony and making an unequal division of labor between male athletes and female managers in the basketball team.
10 - Enhancing Self-Compassion in Athletes: Investigating Effects on Athlete Anxiety and Performance
Poster/Exhibit Session Alaina Flegar
The nature of sports competitions involves athletes being compared and ranked based on athletic ability, with athletes constantly confronted by the real and potential threat of failure or loss within the context of their sport. Given this circumstance and the extraordinary amount of pressure often experienced by athletes, developing an ability to be kind towards oneself in the face of failure could be an important part of the training. Self-compassion training, which involves a mindful awareness of present moment experiences and an unconditional kindness towards oneself, has gained increased attention as a potential training method for athletes. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of self-compassion on athlete anxiety, perceived athletic ability, perceived athletic performance, and actual athletic performance. Competitive athletes who participate in time-based sports will be recruited from sports teams and other competitive sports leagues, and randomly assigned to either a 1-month self-compassion training or a wait-list control group. Participants in both groups will complete self-report measures of self-compassion, mindfulness, general anxiety, sport-related anxiety, perceived athletic ability and perceived sport performance, pre and post study. Additional measures of objective athletic performance will be calculated based on the participant’s average speed in their given sport over the past month. Data will be analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, with Time (pre- to post-treatment) and Group (self-compassion training versus wait-list control) as factors in the model; significant Time by Group interactions will be further analyzed with pairwise least square mean comparisons.
