Fifteenth International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability

Abstract

Almost twenty-six percent of the world’s inhabitants lack clean drinking water. Population growth and climate change may increase that amount to one half by 2050. Most sources must meet the demands of irrigating crops, raising livestock, supporting fruit orchards, fish, and vegetable farms. Global demand continues to exceed what origins are available. Carbon emissions, greenhouse gases, trapped heat in the atmosphere, resulting in an unstable climate, may produce extended periods of draught. We shall discuss current research designed to protect sources, desalinate ocean or seawater, and utilize recycled water. Caustic household and garden products should not be poured down the drain. Desalination of ocean or seawater can provide a major source of fresh water. Edges of polyamide filter pores, however, are rough and frequently become clogged with organic matter. An upgraded filter, still in the experimental stage, is manufactured by depositing ultrathin layers of polyamide on a supporting matrix to form a smooth surface. Reclaimed water can be used for agriculture and to recharge aquifers or fill reservoirs. Health risk of exposure to microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water is no greater than taking water after chlorine treatment against bacteria and fluorine introduction to combat tooth decay. Toxic waste should not be disposed into sewage systems. Desalination equipped with a cascade of fine filters can provide significant amount of fresh water. Distribution to millions of people would require thoughtful planning and a high level of funding. Reclaimed water can be used for irrigation and possibly human consumption.